Social Class Education Comparison - 1400 Words

Social Class Education Comparison Have you ever heard of people saying no matter where you come from as long as you put in the effort to succeed in your education? Well that saying isn’t completely accurate because not everyone in the world is born in the position or ready for higher learning. Certain people are born in a position where they are properly prepared and financially set to pursue their education. Your education is the key to your wealthy lifestyle. Kids all have their own type of opinion on how they feel about education. But the real question is why they have the tendencies to feel that way about education. My essay and research I did will explain why people from different social classes will experience different educational†¦show more content†¦Andy Blevins is a good example he is the main character in the story â€Å"The College Dropout Boom† by David Leonhardt which is a story that explain about Andy’s low class life situation which he feels like education isn’t r ight for him and become a â€Å"college drop-out† working for a job where he feels like could slip away. Accord to David Leonhardt â€Å"statistic says once a student drops out of college the student has the tendencies not to return to college which is one of the largest growing groups of young adults. After many years Andy makes a decision to return to college and earn a college degree which is going up against statistics. While reading the â€Å"The College Dropout Boom† it reveals information and facts about how people coming from different class are held back by artificial barriers. Andy states â€Å"To him, it is a tug-of-war between living in the present and sacrificing for the future.† But of course sacrificing for the future would be the best idea in the long run earn the college degree according to David Leonhardt â€Å"College graduates have received steady pay increase of the past two decades, while the pay of everyone else has risen little more tha n the rate of inflation.† But like Andy says it’s a game of tug-of-war but some people can’t sacrifice for the future because they have nothing to sacrifice. Even though people want to make the sacrifice David Leonhardt said â€Å"Tuition bills scareShow MoreRelatedInequalities in health and illness1511 Words   |  7 PagesEvaluate sources of evidence with regards to class, gender, ethnicity and age There are many different reasons why health inequalities exist due to many factors one extremely important one is social class. Socio-economic inequalities have been researched in the UK for many years. In the early 20th century the government started an occupational census which gave the researchers the opportunity to examine health outcomes of social class. The five class scheme was introduced in 1911 and a variationRead MoreSocial Inequality : The Land Of The Free, And The American Dream979 Words   |  4 Pagesand the American Dream. However, these ideas are sadly denatured by social hierarchies and inequality. Social inequality comes in many forms. It is a social construct that many people do not see affecting their daily lives, let alone the American society as a whole. According to The Sociology Project 2.0, a social construct is An invented social phenomenon (for example a belief, discourse, or category) that is shaped by the social forces present in the time and place of it s creation The statement:Read MoreIntergenerational Mobility : From Sri Lanka982 Words   |  4 PagesIntergenerational Mobility; from Sri Lanka to Canada My father was a farmer in Sri Lanka and due to his financial situation, he couldn’t attain a proper education. After he immigrated to Canada he worked as a chef at a restaurant and he had financial stability. As a result of an unforeseen car accident, he lost his well-paying job and he works currently as a janitor for minimum wage. I might experience intergenerational mobility as I am currently studying in university with aspirations to becomeRead MoreThe Conflict And Functionalist Theories Behind Social Class1496 Words   |  6 Pagesmaterializes the upper class, vulgarizes our middle class, brutalizes our lower class. In Australia, social class is a widely recognised concept, however some individuals, particularly the wealthy people, will argue that social class in non existent, that with hard work anyone can achieve, what they set their mind onto. The social stratification system, is based on objective criteria, including wealth, power, and prestige. The Australian notion of equal opportunity, insinuates that social class does not affectRead MoreCompare and Contrast Different Approaches to Social Change1494 Words   |  6 Pagesapproaches to social change and also able to anlyse which ones offers a plausible explanation to Zambia’s prevailing circumstances. I would first like to define the major terms in the essay, social change may be define as movement of human beings or societies from simple way of life to a more complex kind of life and its study involves the understanding the process of change, the forces of its change and the challenges that might hold to it to achieve development. The study of social change can beRead MoreThe Education Of Schools And Schools Essay1304 Words   |  6 Pagesenforcement of disparity. This continues to promote the ideas of racism, segregation, and social class by isolating schools based off the income and having certain limitations due to ethnicity. In order to change the things for the better, we must b ring awareness to this problem and work towards equal funding of schools. Mickelson and Smith state â€Å"There is a strong relationship between race and social class, and racial isolation is often an outgrowth of residential segregation and socioeconomic background†Read MoreAnalysis Of Emma s Appropriation Of Jane Austen s 19thc Emma1262 Words   |  6 PagesComparisons of Emma and Clueless pose critical explorations into the importance of context and its role in shaping social values. Heckerling’s appropriation of Jane Austen’s 19thC Emma, provides contrasting social ideals regarding gender and class which can be accredited as a result of their differing contextual settings. Values surrounding the importance of social hierarchy, gender disparities and education are prevalent themes addressed within each text. Due to shifts in social standards duringRead MoreAnalysis Of James Coleman s Article On Equality Of Educational Opportunity1517 Words   |  7 Pagespo licies in comparison with the U.S. In Europe, schools focus the curriculum on what level of social class the students fall under. So, a student’s education is solely determined by whatever seemed needed to maintain the family’s productivity. For example, Coleman explains that if a child’s father was a shoemaker, then he would grow up to become a shoemaker. If the child’s father was a serf, the child would then become a serf. Therefore, education was only established by what social ranking a child’sRead MoreHow Much Does Socioeconomics Really Impact A Person s Partisanship1332 Words   |  6 Pagesconducted research based on â€Å"certain outstanding variable that account for much of the difference in an individual’s life situation, namely, education occupational status and income† (Lewis- Beck et. al., 2008). We pose the following question: â€Å"Does socioeconomic class/status affect a person’s political identity? We break t his up into three categories; Income, Education and Occupation. To better understand how and what affects partisanship, we used the work of Angus Campbell, Philip Converse, et. al., inRead MoreThe Division Of Class : Oryx And Crake1431 Words   |  6 PagesThe Division of Class in Oryx and Crake In Margaret Atwoods â€Å"Oryx and Crake† we see a division of the social classes with the purpose and goal of creating a more perfect society with perfect educated like-minded citizens. Because of this goal, the two different environments, each with its own people, are separated from one another. The rich and the educated live in the safe gated, microbe-free and protected, sterile compounds, while the uneducated, poor by birth like their own ancestors and like

Comparative Essy Free Essays

Ferdowsi Tus’ Hakim Abul-Qasim Ferdowsi is a well-known Persian poet who lived a life that will forever be told as a heroic tale. Ferdowsi created one of the most significant literary works of Iran called the Shahnameh. By generating this national epic, Ferdowsi displayed great knowledge of the ancient legends of Persia and has passed down these historic stories to modern Persians today. We will write a custom essay sample on Comparative Essy or any similar topic only for you Order Now Ferdowsi (940- 1020Ad) was born in Tus, a small town in North Eastern Iran, into a amily of landowners. Due to the fact that they were wealthy enough to be independent, he was expected to peruse extensive goals and high successes. However, he chose to do what he loved and perused writing poetry. He was married to a musician and has a son, who died at the age of thirty-seven, and a daughter who helped him though the tragic loss. Ferdowsi began to write his masterpiece at about the age of forty, by collecting a millennium of old oral traditions of the Iranian lateau, into heroic verses. The Shahnameh, also known as â€Å"The Book of Kings†, is the most seminal of literary Persian works in the tenth century. Containing over fifty- thousand verses, which is arguably the longest poem written by a single poet, The Shahnameh narrates the history of Persia from its creation, through to the Arab invasion, and is structured according to the mythical and historical reign of fifty Persian Kings. Mainly, one of the Epic’s most significant themes is the nature of ingship, where Ferdowsi emphasises the divine approval of Iran’s rulers, including God’s will over other countries. The Epic also highlights the malicious nature of the universe, and ones destiny. Through the actions of the heroes, it inspects the immorality of righteous actions. This epic allows readers to visualize the issues that took place in Persia and informs them of Persian culture before it was changed into something different. In addition, the Shahnameh plays a crucial role in shaping the literary state, both poetic and historical How to cite Comparative Essy, Papers

Under the Tuscan Sun Tanning saloon Essay Example For Students

Under the Tuscan Sun Tanning saloon Essay Under the Tuscan SunTanning SaloonCEOMichael J. Under the Tuscan Sun Tanning Saloon will be a new and innovative approach as your tanning solution. My company will provide convenient, state of the art tanning while providing competitive prices. Under the Tuscan Sun will be located at the Clifton Commons Shopping Plaza. Under the Tuscan Sun will provide breakthrough technology with the newest products provided by ETS/Wolfe Tanning Systems. ETS/Wolfe Tanning Systems is and has been the number 1 competitor in its industry of producing Tanning Equipment. Newly designed Lay down beds are 50% safer than most comparable products of its kind in the market because of a new UV free system patented and produced only by ETS/Wolfe. ETS/Wolfe also provides more efficient Spray Tan booths, by carefully placing more efficient jet sprays in the system, capable of covering 40% more area with the same amount of tanning solution, and providing lower operating costs. In cooperation with this company and mine together we will be able to provide top of the line service. This will be a new step for me, more like a pilot project. Although I maintain minimal knowledge in this industry, I will be fully supported by the ETS/Wolfe Team in guiding me along during the beginning stages of my companys development. They will provide the guidance and expertise in marketing, product placement, product knowledge and initial set up and maintain a record of my progression thru different stages in development. What I will provide to the prosperity of this business is the management expertise that any business needs in day to day operations and potential growth. After 7 years in the military, 4 being in a supervisor/managerial position, I have learned the strong skills needed to maintain Good Running order. I have experienced supervising over 25 personal which is much more than the possible 6 positions in this company. I have attended Primary Leadership Development Course with the military, which focuses on, general supervision tactics, time management, customer service, dealing with personnel issues, and many other skills used by most managers today. The difference is the level of commitment and the degrees of test on these skills. I was capable of maintaining above average proficiencies in my management skills during highly stressed and pressured times to include actual combat, enough to be awarded multiple medals, such as the Army Commendation Medal, and the Army Achievement Medal. I hav e also taken and scored a 99.99% on the American Institute on basic knowledge and ability in the Management Field of their aptitude test. My advertising/marketing approach for this project is actually one of the strongest aspects of this entire business venture. As an alumnus of Delta Pi Fraternity I have been able to establish good relations with many universities and colleges in NJ that support the association of the Greek Council, like William Paterson University, Montclair State University, and Ramapo College. My plan is to use my social circle to promote (free of charge), Under the Tuscan Sun Tanning Saloon. I have also made contact with sister sororities to promote with in their sororities and social circles. Local Gentleman Clubs such as Lace and Stilettos chains, along with Satin Dolls and AJs are willing to promote the Tanning Saloon in their respected nightclubs. Webster Hall Night Club in New York City which is the largest in New York and New Jersey is willing to give me 100% support with *free advertising through announcements and visual arts within the night club. Other colleges that do not support the Gre ek Council such as Bergen Community College will be flooded with flyers in the parking lots and hallways which will be distributed by new Pledges in our Fraternities (free). Also as an employee of Big M Inc the owner of the Mandees, and Annie Sez Chain, which are 100 % female fashion establishments, I plan to utilize local stores as a lead to the general public and entice employees with promotions and discounts. My primary target market will be women 18 25 in college. My secondary target market would be women 25 -40, out of college. As from my knowledge I believe this target market will provide the largest group who will utilize my facility. This will be tentative in order to be able to adjust accordingly to any shifts in the market. .u0a8aca219b43c15656f4de3720e25b1e , .u0a8aca219b43c15656f4de3720e25b1e .postImageUrl , .u0a8aca219b43c15656f4de3720e25b1e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0a8aca219b43c15656f4de3720e25b1e , .u0a8aca219b43c15656f4de3720e25b1e:hover , .u0a8aca219b43c15656f4de3720e25b1e:visited , .u0a8aca219b43c15656f4de3720e25b1e:active { border:0!important; } .u0a8aca219b43c15656f4de3720e25b1e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0a8aca219b43c15656f4de3720e25b1e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0a8aca219b43c15656f4de3720e25b1e:active , .u0a8aca219b43c15656f4de3720e25b1e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0a8aca219b43c15656f4de3720e25b1e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0a8aca219b43c15656f4de3720e25b1e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0a8aca219b43c15656f4de3720e25b1e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0a8aca219b43c15656f4de3720e25b1e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0a8aca219b43c15656f4de3720e25b1e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0a8aca219b43c15656f4de3720e25b1e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0a8aca219b43c15656f4de3720e25b1e .u0a8aca219b43c15656f4de3720e25b1e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0a8aca219b43c15656f4de3720e25b1e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: History Individual Study EssayCapitol for this business can be provided in different forms:Commercial bankingVenture Capitalists Equity FinancingLoan Repayment ProgramsFurther search and communication with the Small Business Administration will help guide me in choosing the right option when dealing with the financing of this business venture. In regards to the cost of the actually tanning equipment and supplies; I have worked out a Re-payment plan with the ETS/Wolfe Financial and Advertising Departments. The breakdown follows as so:1.Tanning Systems provided by Wolfe tanning Systems2 Stand up Spray Booths Model # ####-######Total cost $50,000Down payment $18,000Monthly payment $ 500Term of 5 years with loyalty. 6 Lay Down full coverage Light beds Model # ####-######Total cost $49,000Down payment $7,200Monthly payment $600Term of 5 years with loyaltyStore Posters, Framed and Unframed art work, Window clings, and approx 3 months of supplies i.e. Tanning lotion, towels, cleaners, spray solution, instructions and initial set up labor, computer software etc, etcTotal cost $5,000Paid in FullMy projected Marginal Cost vs. Marginal Revenue of the first 2 month is displayed below:1.Out of a potential 100 people within a 30 day trial period. (A) 30 @ $100, Unlimited Tan Use(B) 50 @ $10, One time use, standard bed, approx 15 times a month to maintain a minimum tan(C) 10 @ $15, Spray Tanning System, 4 times a month(D) 5 @ $15, walk in, standard(E) 5 @ $10, walk in, standard2.Revenue Total = $ 11,225 vs. $12,168 Operating Cost (see table A, below)Equals a $ 943 loss. 3.Out of a potential 150 people with in a 60 day trial period. 50 x (A)75 x (B)15 x (C)5 x (D)5 x (E)4.Revenue Total = $17,275 vs. $12,168 Operating CostEquals a $5,107 ProfitI project the growth of my company to triple with customers with in the first year. With these results the profits will accelerate and Business will be good. TABLE AEquipment$34,000 initial$1,100 per month$107,000 total costInsuranceFull Coverage$1,000 per month/approximationEmployment6 Employees$8.00 @ 40 regular hours$7,680 per monthProperty$500,000 approx total cost$16,666 per year @ 30 years$1,388 per month mortgageUtilities$1,000 per month approx

The heat was unbearable as I pulled up to the star Essay Example For Students

The heat was unbearable as I pulled up to the star Essay ting line. The smell of exhaust gases and burned rubber filled the air. The starting light received my fullest attention, zoning everything out of my conscience. 321green light! I stomped my foot on the accelerator as I side stepped my clutch. Shifting into second gear, I flipped the switch to my nitrous oxide system. Instantaneously I was thrown back into my seat. All of a sudden a loud pop disturbed the smooth roar of my engine. Halfway down the track my engine shut off and forced me to coast the car to the finish line. My teammates were already waiting at the end of the drag strip. Unable to restart my car, we pushed it back to our pit area. My hopes were crushed as I went over the fact that my day of racing was already over. We will write a custom essay on The heat was unbearable as I pulled up to the star specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Drag racing is a big part of my life. All of my spare time is spent working on my 1996 Honda Accord. With a big import drag racing approaching quickly, I spent most of my waking hours for a week tuning my car. Sweat and hours of hard work finally prepared my car for racing. The interior was stripped down to the sheet metal and contained only the drivers seat to reduce weight. The whole exhaust system was removed to gain that little edge of power, which is essential for racing. My car was finally race ready, waiting to tear up the track. The following day, our race team met up at the track. In the pit area, we changed out our street tires for high performance drag slicks. After a few more last minute adjustments, I pulled into the staging lane and waited for my turn to race. Little did I know that my first race would end up in disaster, a blown engine. All of the hard work and dedication towards my car seemed to be a futile effort because of the bad results. After we pushed my car back to the pit area, we took apart the engine, looking for the problem. I immediately found it to be a bent cam sprocket. The situation seemed hopeless because I had a tuned specially tuned sprocket. We scrambled around the track asking people if they had any spares, yet our efforts seemed fruitless. With the nest race approaching quickly, we ran into a little luck. It wasnt the best sprocket, but it would have to do. I barely put the engine together in time to make the next rounds of racing.Once again I pulled back into the staging lanes and resumed the wait for my second run. Half an hour later, I was back at the starting line. Just like my previous run I concentrated on the lights. However, this time, my concentration was overshadowed by the outcome of my earlier race. As the light turned green, I left the line with a perfect start; I shifted into second and punched my nitrous once again. The car steadily picked up speed and as soon as the race had started I was passing the finish line going over a hundred miles an hour. A sigh of relief escaped from me as I glanced over at my opponents lanevictory.Even though I made it to the final rounds of elimination I lost the final and most important race. However, I didnt care about the loss because I knew that instead of making it this far, I could have been standing on the sideline with a broken car instead of racing. I realized that any obstacle would be overcome if you pursued it hard enough. Pursuit of happiness and achieving goals is an important part of life. Difficulties and a lack of results should not discourage ones strive for happiness. If the desire to accomplish something is great enough dreams can be achieved no matter what the hardships or the time it takes. .ufcaa698a64b0835552620886a259958e , .ufcaa698a64b0835552620886a259958e .postImageUrl , .ufcaa698a64b0835552620886a259958e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ufcaa698a64b0835552620886a259958e , .ufcaa698a64b0835552620886a259958e:hover , .ufcaa698a64b0835552620886a259958e:visited , .ufcaa698a64b0835552620886a259958e:active { border:0!important; } .ufcaa698a64b0835552620886a259958e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ufcaa698a64b0835552620886a259958e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ufcaa698a64b0835552620886a259958e:active , .ufcaa698a64b0835552620886a259958e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ufcaa698a64b0835552620886a259958e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ufcaa698a64b0835552620886a259958e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ufcaa698a64b0835552620886a259958e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ufcaa698a64b0835552620886a259958e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ufcaa698a64b0835552620886a259958e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ufcaa698a64b0835552620886a259958e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ufcaa698a64b0835552620886a259958e .ufcaa698a64b0835552620886a259958e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ufcaa698a64b0835552620886a259958e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Ryan Vergara-Mangan Essay Difficulties will make the achievement of a goal much more sweet because of the rewards of overcoming the little kinks and knots of life.

Definition and Examples of Echo Words in English

Definition and Examples of Echo Words in English In linguistics and composition, the term echo word has more than one meaning: An echo word is a word or phrase (such as buzz and cock a doodle doo) that imitates the sound associated with the object or action it refers to: an onomatope. Also called an echoic word.  An echo word is a word or phrase (such as shilly shally and click and clack) that contains two identical or very similar parts: a reduplicative.An echo word is a word or phrase that recurs in a sentence or paragraph. Examples and Observations Sound alone is the basis of a limited number of words, called echoic or onomatopoeic, like bang, burp, splash, tinkle, bobwhite, and cuckoo. Words that are actually imitative of sound, like meow, bowwow, and vroomthough these differ from language to languagecan be distinguished from those like bump and flick, which are called symbolic. Symbolic words regularly come in sets that rhyme (bump, lump, clump, hump) or alliterate (flick, flash, flip, flop) and derive their symbolic meaning at least in part from other members of their sound-alike sets. Both imitative and symbolic words frequently show doubling, sometimes with slight variation, as in bowwow, choo-choo, and peewee.(John Algeo and Thomas Pyles, The Origins and Development of the English Language, 5th ed. Thomson Wadsworth, 2005) Repetitions help to echo keywords, to emphasize important ideas or main points, to unify sentences, or to develop  coherence  among sentences. Skillful repetitions of important words or phrases create echoes in the readers mind: they emphasize and point out key ideas. You can use these  echo words  in different sentenceseven in different paragraphsto help hook your ideas together...[E]cho words may  come  any place in the sentence: with the subjects or the verbs, with the objects or the complements, with prepositions or other  parts of speech. You need not always repeat the word exactly; think of other forms the word may take, such as  freak, freakiness, freakishness  (nouns),  freaking  (participle),  freaky  and  freakish  (adjectives), and  freakishly  and  freakily  (adverbs). (Ann Longknife and K. D. Sullivan,  The Art of Styling Sentences, 4th ed. Barrons, 2002) Echo-Pairs   Echo-words are  crucially different from straight reduplicated words in that they have rules sensitive to the reduplicated configuration, detaching melodic elements from the affixal skeleton and replacing them with an invariant onset (McCarthy and Prince 1986, 86). This accounts for the ban on auto-reduplication of echo-words themselves.  Yiddishized English shm-initial words undergoing echo-pairing (such as shmaltz) have to be echo-paired with something else (usuall shp-: shpaltz) or else with nothing (no echo-pair can be formed), but certainly not with a direct repeat (**shmaltz-shmaltz is disallowed). ( Mark R. V. Southern,  Contagious Couplings: Transmission of Expressives in Yiddish Echo Phrases. Praeger, 2005)

Conjugate Base - Chemistry Definitions Terms

Conjugate Base - Chemistry Definitions Terms Conjugate Base Definition The Bronsted-Lowry acid-base theory includes the concepts of conjugate acids and conjugate bases. When an acid dissociates into its ions in water, it loses a hydrogen ion. The species that is formed is the acids conjugate base. A more general definition is that a conjugate base is the base member, X-, of a pair of compounds that transform into each other by gaining or losing a proton. The conjugate base is able to gain or absorb a proton in a chemical reaction. The conjugate acid donates the proton or hydrogen in the reaction. In an acid-base reaction, the chemical reaction is: Acid Base â‡Å' Conjugate Base Conjugate Acid Key Takeaways: Conjugate Base Conjugate acids and bases are part of the Bronsted-Lowry theory of acids and bases.According to this theory, the species that donates a hydrogen cation or proton in a reaction is a conjugate acid, while the remaining portion or the one that accepts a proton or hydrogen is the conjugate base.The conjugate base may be recognized as an anion. Conjugate Base Examples The  general chemical reaction between a conjugate acid and a conjugate base is: HX H2O ↔ X− H3O In an acid-base reaction, you can recognize the conjugate base because it is an anion. For hydrochloric acid (HCl), this reaction becomes: HCl H2O ↔ Cl− H3O Here, the chloride anion, Cl−, is the conjugate base. Sulfuric acid, H2SO4 forms two conjugate bases as hydrogen ions are successively removed from the acid: HSO4- and SO42-.

Unclear Energy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Unclear Energy - Assignment Example The geographical location of Jordan makes it hard to use water as a coolant and therefore need to find other means of cooling the reactors. The other difference is the availability of the relevant personnel to run the nuclear plants. Sophisticated and technical knowledge is required to manage a nuclear plant ensuring safety and efficiency. The use of nuclear energy in America started back in the 1940s, and therefore enough plans are set up to ensure enough individuals are trained for this job. Jordan is facing a challenge of personnel to operate the machines and maintain the nuclear power plants as it is something that has never been used before in this country. Environmental impact of the nuclear plants is the other difference. Nuclear energy production releases minimal amounts of greenhouse gases to the environment. However, the waste products from nuclear reactors contain radioactive elements that are harmful to human. Proper engineering techniques should be used and far away from human settlement. America has land that can be used for this while Jordan has limited land capacity and hence disposal of these wastes would be a problem. Also, Jordan still uses fuels and oil as a source of energy that highly contributes to the emission of greenhouse gases (Armaroli, 2013). Students contribution is highly required for the establishment of solutions on challenges faced in the energy sector. The first research on other cooling techniques to be used in nuclear plants located in areas where there is scarcity of water. The other is acquiring knowledge regarding operation and maintenance of nuclear power plants s it is a challenge faced in Jordan and other countries. The third is research and advice of disposal techniques of the radioactive wastes so as not to endanger human beings. The use of nuclear energy in America started a long time ago and therefore there is a big difference between the

Qualitiative Analysis on Diabetes Research Paper

Qualitiative Analysis on Diabetes - Research Paper Example The findings of the study show that communication and education combined with cultural differences create a difficult environment in which to treat diabetes in regards to this ethnic minority group. The results suggest that more time needs to be taken by doctors and dieticians to explain the causes and effects of the disease and how best to treat it with an understanding of the social and dietary differences of the community. Information needs to be available to patients and family members in a language they understand and in relation to the activities of their daily lives. There are many different ethnic minority groups in large communities that frequently accept immigrants and this is just a sample of how one such group can suffer emotionally and physically because treatment options are catered to a majority lifestyle. Only when doctors, educators, and the public make a point to diagnose, treat, and teach about diseases in a context familiar to the daily lives of those suffering fr om them will, no matter how small the group, they be able to work in conjunction with their patients. Purpose The purpose of this study was to describe the role of diabetes mellitus in the Lebanese community of Sydney, Australia. Methods This is a primary data analysis of a survey of twenty-five Lebanese individuals living in Sydney, Australia. ... agnoses, how the diagnosis was made, major physical and emotional effects on health, communication between health care provider and patient, major difficulties regarding the disease, and quality of life. Conclusions The results of this study provide a unique perspective into the Lebanese community and the affect of social and cultural differences of immigrants and their experiences with diabetes. Lebanese immigrants in Australia often are not diagnosed with diabetes until middle age. They find it difficult to adjust their previous living habits to what they see as Western ideas. Communication about the disease is difficult because many immigrants do not speak the native English language. Diabetes mellitus is a disease that affects people of all ages, races, and backgrounds. There are multiple types of diabetes, the most common being Type 2. Type 2 diabetes most often develops in adults but can occur in younger people as well. The person’s pancreas does not secrete enough insul in to maintain normal levels of glucose and his or her body can begin to respond poorly to insulin. With obesity numbers rising and people exercising less and less, Type 2 diabetes is seen at a growing rate and many of the people diagnosed are completely unaware that they were affected. The increasing cases of diabetes amongst Lebanese people are also a cause of worry. Sydney is host to a large number of Lebanese people, migrated to the country, hence the city, in search of better job opportunities living standards. There are many studies indicating increased prevalence of diabetes mellitus in these families. These have been ascribed to hereditary factors, food habits, prevalence of metabolic syndrome, and increased consanguinity over many generations (Abou-Daoud, 1969). Acculturation is a

Pros and cons of online research Essay Example for Free

Pros and cons of online research Essay Technology Advisory Board is a leading international online marketing research and marketing consulting firm where engineers, scientists, computer scientists, information systems professionals, software developers, web developers, and executives in technology industries all over the world come to share ideas, opinions, and suggestions by participating in online research interviews and scientific surveys. The site also believes that respondent will learn as a panel member about upcoming technology trends and developments (since respondent have access to survey results giving one an opportunity to learn what one peers are thinking anytime). In addition, as a panel member one can earn extra cash by participating in an online survey or discussion and the amount depends on the length of the survey or discussion. The site also helps major international corporations, governmental agencies, and universities better informed about intelligent decisions relating to technology-related issues, new equipment and devices, and new software systems and services. The site faces a lot of challenges that will be discussed in the next paragraph. One of the obstacles to collecting information internationally from the panel members is the lack of consistency by the site information. Respondent have to update account each time he/she is to login into his account and the account information is not well documented. This can frustrate the respondent thereby hindering one of the objectives of the site in getting adequate views and opinions of respondents. The unavailability of the site services to all countries is another negative effect the site is facing as a global online research marketer. When some countries are restricted in participating, then I believe it is not a global marketing research marketer. In addition to the percentage of households without internet access in the world, technology advisory board must take the opportunity of reaching the remaining segment of people with access to internet through innovative ways of conducting the research. One option is to encourage the use of offline means of participating, since the online means is the only one used. Another option is using both the qualitative and the quantitative statistical models to get respondent views either offline or online. Lastly, technology advisory board can introduce offline e-mail survey which is inexpensive compared to the conventional online survey. However, the site makes use of the advantage of the versatility that the increased penetration of broadband offers online research marketers. In addition, the online survey is very fast in terms of getting speedy opinions and views from respondents. More importantly, online research marketers should develop marketing strategies not just from the findings of online research, but also the offline findings. What they can do is to encourage the introduction or use of the offline findings. They can do this by introducing new strategies in form of sending offline mails to panel members and require their opinions. In addition, they could introduce the use of feedbacks in their sites by asking respondents to give views about how the marketing research can be improved. On the other hand, both qualitative and quantitative research is needed before strategy can be defined by the marketers and this is necessary in forming new ways of improving online marketing research. In conclusion, the use of online marketing research has only being on the increased in the US than any other country in the world. I think this service should be encouraged especially in Asian, African and Latin American countries where it is believed marketers can capture demand in the nearest future. References Survey: Internet Should Remain Open to All. Marketing Memos: The Pro and Cons of Online Research Retrieved May 14, 2010, from http://www. consumeraffairs. com Technology Advisory Board (2010) Retrieved May 14, 2010, from http://www. technologyboard. com Consumers Losing Confidence in Online Commerce, Banking. Retrieved May 14, 2010, from http://www. consumeraffairs. com

Kurtzs Last Words Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Heart of Darkness, Joseph Conrad presents the character of Kurtz as a man who is seen differently by all who know him depending on their individual experiences with him. His cousin knew him as a man with great musical talent, others knew him as a great leader, and his â€Å"Intended† fiance knew him as an admirable humanitarian; but all of these knew him to be a remarkable genius. When the narrator, Marlow, first hears of him, he is told that Kurtz is known as a great leader destined to hold high positions and fame. However, as he travels the river, he also learns that Kurtz has become insane during his time in the African jungle. After Marlow finally comes into contact with him, he discovers that Kurtz has become a god among the natives and has been brutally collecting the coveted ivory. Marlow finally convinces the deathly ill man to return to the ship where he finally dies. Upon his death, Kurtz’s facial expression causes Marlow to feel as tho ugh he may be seeing his entire life passing just before it ends; and finally, he murmurs his final words â€Å"The horror! The horror!† (Conrad, p. 64).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Although these last words seem full of meaning, they can be interpreted as being so vague that they are devoid of any specific rationalization. In spite of this, they have several explanations, mainly relating to his life and the choices he made. As Kurtz succinctly verbalizes the terrible visions â€Å"of ruthless power, of craven ter...

My Role Model Essay

Everyone has there own role model, but my is a bit more special. My role model is my dad bell. He is the best dad ever. All though my dad had life struggles as he came to Canada when he was 8 years old. He is very amazing and just the best. My dad has shown great strength by keeping my entire family together in rough and hard times. My father does not have one hand but still works as a taxi driver and makes a living for my mother and I . My father has always put others needs before he has put his. He always made sure everyone is happy and satisfied before he was. Read more: Essay on parents My dad has always had a smile and picked me up even though I know he would be hurt he would still make sure I am fine. I would love to be just like my dad. Be as emotionally strong as he is and make sure everyone is fine at the same time. Keep everyone happy and put family before your self. No matter what obstacle my dad goes through he gets a strategy to get through it and I would love to learn that from my dad . Just like my dad says â€Å" If you keep others happy around you , you will be happy your self automatic . â€Å" I Love my dad , and my dad is my role model

Business Ethics and dilemma Essay

1. Review the assigned readings from the text and article by Carroll (1991). 2. Prepare a 3- to 5-page paper titled, Corporate Social Responsibility. 3. Reflect upon your text readings from Chapters 1 and 9 with a focus on the following core concepts: Organizational Social Responsibility (Chapters 1 and 9) The Ethical Decision-making Process (Chapter 1) Corporate Reputation (Chapter 9) The Corporate Social Responsibility Pyramid (Chapter 9) The Importance of Trust (Chapter 9) The Pyramid of Corporate Social Responsibility (article by Carroll and Chapter 9) 4. Read The Merck and River Blindness Case at the end of Chapter 9 of your text. 5. Compose your paper in Microsoft Word. Include your name, the assignment name and number, the course and section number, and the date on your title page. Follow APA guidelines for formatting and citations.. NOTE: Your paper must meet the minimum requirements as outlined in the section of Weekly Written Assignments of the Assignment Guidelines and the grading criteria of this assignment. You are to provide a minimum of 2-3 references in your work. For this assignment, use of general google.com or Internet search references is not acceptable. Use the university library’s scholarly databases. 6. Respond to each of the following questions and statements: Stakeholders: Produce a list of all key stakeholders that you perceive to have a bona fide interest in the Merck company’s dilemma. Corporate Social Responsibility Pyramid: Frame the Merck company’s ethical dilemma within the Corporate Social Responsibility Pyramid. E.g. State briefly the key economic, legal, ethical, and philanthropic responsibilities. As a focal point, compare and contrast the economic implications against the ethical and philanthropic considerations. Organizational Values: State briefly and specifically whether the decision to a) proceed with the drug project or b) not to proceed with the drug development best fits with the company’s declared organizational values and its principles of profitability. Stakeholder Impact and Trust: If the drug development failed and cost hundreds of millions of dollars, would that harm to the company and its stakeholders be justifiable? If Merck decided not to pursue development of the new drug, what implications do you see this having for stakeholder relations such as the scientists who desire the development. E.g. Is this a trust and leadership consideration? Final Decision: If you were the CEO of Merck and the final decision on this risky new drug development was yours, what would you do and why? Justify your decision. Using Carroll’s theory, are you comfortable stating your opinion to the board of trustees, employees, and media? NOTE: Since this is an actual, real-life case, your focus should be on producing creative and new thinking that applies the ethical concepts to the material. Also, include an introduction and conclusion in your paper. You are encouraged to use the headings above in Action Item 7 in your paper for organizational purposes. 7. Submit your paper to Turnitin.com. NOTE: Turnitin.com is used by Franklin University to assist students in detecting plagiarism. Turnitin generates a report within minutes of submitting your paper. Your results will not be e-mailed to you; you must login to review your results. Submitting a paper ahead of an assignment deadline provides you with the opportunity to take action if you need to rewrite any part of the paper. Your professor will provide you with a class ID and password as an e-mail or a Class Communication object. Submission Instructions By Sunday, upload your paper using the Submit tool. Grading Criteria Content and focus: Response addressed the question(s) posed in a logical, cohesive manner: 0 – 35 points Analysis and critical thinking: Writing illustrates higher order critical thinking, analysis, synthesis, and/or evaluation: 0 – 35 points Writing style, grammar, sentence structure: Sentences are consistently clear, concise, well written; grammar and punctuation are correct: 0 – 15 points APA and research: Correct use of APA style in body of paper and appropriately references the text and/or other research sources: 0 – 15 points

Bertram Grosvenor Goodhue and Church Architecture

Bertram Grosvenor Goodhue and Church Architecture American architect Bertram G. Goodhue (born April 28, 1869 in Pomfret, Connecticut) was an innovator who combined Gothic and Hispanic designs with modern ideas. He revolutionized church (ecclesiastical) architecture by reawakening Medieval traditions, with a focus on modern detailing within traditional designs. His fanciful Spanish Churrigueresque buildings for the Panama-California Exposition brought new energy to Spanish Colonial Revival architecture in the United States. Later in his career, Goodhue moved beyond Gothic ornamentation to explore classical forms, designing landmark buildings such as the Nebraska State Capitol. Goodhue could not afford to attend college, although he was a known sketch artist throughout the New Haven military academy he attended. Instead of college, at age fifteen he went to work in the New York office of Renwick, Aspinwall and Russell. For six years he studied under James Renwick, Jr., architect of many public buildings and churches, including Smithsonian Institute Castle in Washington, DC and Grace Church and St. Patricks Cathedral in New York City. In 1891, he joined Ralph Adams Cram and Charles Wentworth in a Boston partnership that later became Cram, Goodhue Ferguson. The firm opened a branch in New York City, which by 1913 Goodhue had made his own. Although Goodhues early works were noted for their high Gothic style, he later adopted a Romanesque style. By the end of his career, his work tended toward simple, classical lines. The Los Angeles Central Library, completed after his death, has elements of Art Deco design. Today Goodhue is considered an American modernist. Youve probably seen his work, without knowing it. Goodhue is said to have invented two font styles: Merrymount, designed for the Merrymount Press of Boston; and Cheltenham, designed for the Cheltenham Press in New York City; Cheltenham was adopted by The New York Times for their headline typeface and by the L.L. Bean company for their distinctive logo. Goodhue died in New York City on April 23, 1924. Bertram Grosvenor Goodhue Architectural Drawings and Papers, 1882-1980 are archived at Columbia University in New York. Selected Projects Attributed to Goodhue: Bertram G. Goodhue was a known collaborator in architectural projects. The 1910 Cadet Chapel at West Point in New York is attributed to Cram, Goodhue, and Ferguson, although Goodhue was the lead architect. Projects from his own New York City office took advantage of a growing United States market of public and ecclesiastic architecture from coast to coast. His most notable works include the First Baptist Church (1912) in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; the Church of the Intercession (1915) and St. Bartholomews Church (St. Barts, 1918) both in New York City. California works include the 1915 Panama-California Exposition Buildings in San Diego, the 1926 Los Angeles Central Public Library (LAPL), and the 1924Â  Master Plan for the California Institute of Technology. In between New York and California look for the 1922 Nebraska State Capitol building in Lincoln, Nebraska and the 1924 National Academy of Sciences Building in Washington, DC. In the Words of Goodhue: ...the trouble in our houses today is that we want everything to seem rich and extravagant- we want money, and then we want to show it in our surroundings. - from The New York Times, A Renowned Architects Home of His Own by Christopher Gray, January 22, 2006 [accessed April 8, 2014] Learn More: Bertram Goodhue: His Life And Residential Architecture by Romy Wyllie (2007)Buy on AmazonBertram Grosvenor Goodhue by Richard Oliver, MIT Press, 1983Buy on AmazonAlice in Wonderland - A Play With Illustrations by Bertram GoodhueBuy on AmazonA book of architectural and decorative drawings by Bertram Grosvenor Goodhue, 1924Buy on Amazon Source: The Alexander S. Lawson Archive, Ithaca Typothetae at www.lawsonarchive.com/april-23/ [accessed April 26, 2012]

Causes of the Civil War

Causes of the Civil War Essay Rhys Arnott The American Civil War is one of the most significant and controversial periods in American history. The Civil War was caused by mounting conflicting pressures, principles, and prejudices, fueled by differences and pride, and set into motion by unlikely set of political events. At the root of all of the problems was the establishment of slavery, which had been introduced into North America in early colonial times. The American Revolution had been fought to confirm the idea that all men were created equal, yet slavery was legal in all of the thirteen colonies throughout the revolutionary period. Although it was largely gone from the northern states by 1787, it was still enshrined in the new Constitution of the United States, not only at the request of the Southern ones, but also with the approval of many of the Northern delegates who saw that there was still much money to be made in the slave trade by the Yankee shipping industry. Eventually its existence came to influence every aspect of American life. It seemed to Thomas Jefferson and many others that slavery was on its way out, doomed to die a natural death. It was becoming increasingly expensive to keep slaves in the south. Northern and Southern members of Congress voted together to abolish the importation of slaves from overseas in 1808, but the domestic slave trade continued to flourish. The invention of the cotton gin made the cultivation of cotton on large plantations using slave labor a profitable project in the deep South. The slave became an ever more important element of the southern economy, and so the debate about slavery, for the southerner, gradually evolved into an economically based question of money and power. It became an institution that southerners felt bound to protect. But even as the need to protect it grew, the ability to do this from the Souths perspective was diminishing. Southern leaders grew progressively more sensitive to this condition. In 1800 half of the population of the United States had lived in the South. But by 1850 only a third lived there and the gap continued to widen. Even though slave states were added to the Union to balance the number of free ones, the South found that its representatives in the House had been overwhelmed by the Norths explosive growth. More and more emphasis was now placed on maintaining equality in the Senate. Failing this meant that the South would find itself at the mercy of a government, in which it no longer had an effective voice in. Of course there was protest in the North for the abolition of the slavery on purely moral grounds. Abolitionist leader William Lloyd Garrison, holding up a copy of the Federal Constitution before a crowd in Massachusetts called it a covenant with death, and an agreement wit h hell. The abolitionists believed not only that slavery was wrong, but that the Federal government should move to abolish it. Although they were always a small minority they were very vocal about their beliefs, and projected themselves into the minds of southerners as a threat out of all proportion to their actual power and influence. This threat was greatly exaggerated in 1859 by John Browns seizure of the Harpers Ferry arsenal and his call for a general rebellion of the slaves. This caused many of the Southern states to implement plans for more effective militias for internal defense. While some in the North hated slavery because they felt that it was wrong, most people held no opinion of it at all, and some even condoned it because abolishing it would be bad for business. Without slaves there would be no cotton. Without cotton the fabric industry would suffer. To many it was just that simple. READ: Adult PTSD EssaySoon after this a new Republican Party injected its nominee, Abraham Lincoln. He was convinced that the Constitution forbade the Federal government from taking action against slavery where it already existed, but was determined to keep it from spreading further. South Carolina, in a fit of stubborn pride, announced that it would secede from the Union if Lincoln were elected. To everyones amazement Lincoln was victorious. He had gathered a mere 40% of the popular vote, and carried not a single slave state. South Carolina, true to its word, seceded on December 20, 1860. Mississippi left on January 9, 1861, and Florida on the 10th. Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas followed. Lincolns inaugural address was at once firm and peace-making. Unwilling to strike the initial blow to compel the southern states back into the Union, he decided to bide his time. When a Federal ship carrying supplies was dispatched to reposition Fort Sumter, in Charleston Harbor, the secessionist hand was forced. To forestall the re-supply of the fort the Rebel batteries ringing it opened fire at 4:30 a.m. on the 12th of April, 1861, forcing its rapid admission of defeat. President Lincoln immediately called upon the states to supply 75,000 troops to serve for ninety days against combinations too powerful to be suppressed by the ordinary course of judicial proceedings. Virginia, Arkansas, and Tennessee promptly seceded. The war was on and there was no turning back. Ironically, the combination of political events, southern pride, and determination succeeded in paving the way to the elimination of slavery. Bibliography Web sites www.swcivilwar.comwww.cwc.lsu.edu/cwc/civlink.htmwww.civilwarhome.com/potpourr.htmBooksWords/ Pages : 913 / 24

Complete Document Needs Review Form and Edit Draft Proposal Assignment

Complete Document Needs Review Form and Edit Draft Proposal - Assignment Example The committee is expected to meet at least four times in the remaining calendar year. The committee shall decide whether the newsletter will be a public relations tool or the employees’ information tool. Therefore, the committee’s worked is pegged on the approval of both the Director of Human Resources and the Chief Executive Officer of Compare Services, Inc.; additionally, before the committee decides on whether the newsletter should be a public relations device or an employee information tool, it will sought the same approval. Office space will be provided by using the space allocated to the Human Relations employee tasked with arranging and coordinating production of the newsletter. This person will get $3400 over and above their current salary. Notably, this budget is subject to recalculated if the committee decides that the newsletter should be distributed to customers as a public relations vehicle instead of just to be an employee

Challenging Homeostatic Interpersonal Process Essay

Challenging Homeostatic Interpersonal Process - Essay Example Another key issue is the increasing economic challenges in today's society. According to Shulman (1996) there should be realization that economic pressures have highlighted the need for individual and support groups to provide emotional and psychological support for those that are most challenged. Coupled with globalization, people are not only having to deal with the social changes but also have to deal with the accelerated pace of these developments. Gitterman and Shulman (2005) that this issue had served to highlight competencies and deficiencies of sectors in the society that calls for a review of previous standards and approaches for social services. This opinion was also given by Blank (2002) and has prompted him to call for the evaluation of perspectives in welfare and social care not only as a service but also with regard to the factors that drive needs. The reaction has been not just in health and social service reforms but also in the involvement of the community. In the UK, in an effort to improve channels of services, the government has established community based programs to deliver or provide for social services (Lalor et al, 2005). ... As the demand for social services increase, so will the cost of providing and accessing social services increase: a development that has limited access to social and health services particularly in less affluent communities and further aggravates disparities in socio-economics levels. Thus, service partnerships and collaborating between the sectors of education, social and health services have increased in significance. The efforts also are an indication of greater awareness in the community regarding the urgency of social issues particularly those that affect children and the marginalized. The School Social Work and Attendance Department The School Social Work and Attendance Department in the Broward County School is a local effort that is committed to positively impacting student achievement by addressing and removing barriers to learning (SSWAD, 2007a). The programs include the assignment of social workers to each school, abuse and truancy interventions, counseling, health education, psychological services and programs for exceptional students. SSWAD wants to accomplish its objectives by ensuring that all students have access to the wide array of services provided the department assigns a school social worker assigned to every school. The initiative echoes Broward County School's campaign of "transforming education one student at a time" (Broward County Public Schools [BCPS], 2007) The school social worker intervenes as part of the schools' Collaborative Problem-Solving Team, the Crisis Team, and additionally, provides training and teachers' consultation regarding child abuse, homelessness, teenage pregnancy, mental health concerns, dependency, and

Analyzing woterstoff reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Analyzing woterstoff reflection - Essay Example This stage is evidenced in Woterstorff’s â€Å"Lament for a Son†. Wolterstorff (1987) cannot believe that his son is dead. He chooses not to believe the caller at first. He walks to Eric’s favorite places in the hope of finding him there with his friends. The second reaction is anger. Individuals start asking themselves questions after realizing the death is real. The questions often seek to find failure that caused the death. In â€Å"Lament for a Son,† Wolterstorff is angry at his son for going to climb the mountains alone. He is angry that his son did not take his friends with him. A friend could have saved his life. Lack of answers to such questions leads to the bargaining stage. In bargaining, the grieving persons have come to terms with the reality of death. They seek the intervention of a higher power and seek to explain the death through spiritual and religious perspectives. Wolterstorff believes that his son died doing what he liked and was drawing near to God as he climbed high up the mountains. The believe gives him solace. However, depression is inevitable in grief. Depression is a long term effect that affects the behavior, attitude and way of life of an individual. The bereaved person cannot simply let go of the deceased. Wolterstorff cannot forget his son just yet He goes to his son’s favorite places and keeps asking himself questions about his death. The psychological wound that he suffered due to his death is still raw. Acceptance is the last stage of grief. Individuals accept that death is the fate of human beings (Kübler-Ross & Kessler, 2007). Individuals also realize that death is inevitable and cannot be planned, or be prepared for. In this stage, people seek peace within the family and friends. A good example is that Wolterstorff finds solace in his family and find happiness by talking about their deceased son. As noted, Wolterstorff is heavily reliant on his family for comfort. He is a Christian and

Living Organ Donation Inspired Explorations In Normative Ethics Philosophy Essay

Living Organ Donation Inspired Explorations In Normative Ethics Philosophy Essay Ever since the first living adult organ transplantation in 1954, organ donation continues to advance as a form of medical intervention (Pence, 2007). With its ongoing popularity, living adult organ donation inspires a variety of debates in normative ethics circles. In this essay, I am taking the opportunity to advocate for Virtue Ethics as the most ethically defensible approach to living adult organ donation. Virtue Ethics, unlike Utilitarianism or Deontology, promote the highest degree of personal enlightenment and, as such, ensure the highest calibre of our moral choice through maximized consistency, personal accountability, and overall highest harmony of our actions as they relate to key players in living adult organ donation (donor, recipient, doctors and society). To complete my perspective, I will reclaim the widely-accepted drawback of Virtue Ethics regarding its lack of systemized action rules (i.e. codifiability) by proposing realistic societal long-term transformations, as governed by Virtue Ethics, which would make codifiability achievable. Living adult organ donation is an act of providing of a vital organ to an organ recipient by an organ donor for organ transplantation for the immediate purposes of either improving the quality of life of a recipient, the quality of life of both donor and recipient or saving recipients life (Pence, 2007). Living adult organ donation differs from cadaveric organ donation because the donor is alive, while in cadaveric organ donation the donor is brain-dead (Pence, 2007). According to the provincial organ donation agency, Trillium Gift of Life Network, there are 1487 people on waiting list for organ donation this year (Trillium Gift of Life Network, 2010). Organs that can be transplanted are liver, heart, kidney, lung, pancreas and small bowels (Trillium Gift of Life Network, 2010). The reality of the situation is that some of these people will not find a suitable donor and their health will deteriorate or they may die. In order to truly explore the ethical journey of organ donation, I will put myself in the shoes of a potential organ donor and take a walk in the halls of Deontology, Utilitarianism and Virtue Ethics schools. Why, when and to whom would I donate my organ so that my decision is morally right for me, for the recipient, for the doctors and for society? There is nobody that I know requiring an organ at this moment. Although I could enlist myself as a living organ donor and potentially save another human fellow, currently I choose not to. If my loved one or somebody I know and respect needed an organ right now, I would, however, donate it without hesitation. As I walk in an organ-donors shoes, I enter the Deontology school and I see a representative Deontological philosopher, Kant, sitting at his work desk, surrounded by piles and piles of paper. He greets me and at the same time approves of my present choice of not being enlisted in an organ donors list. According to Kant and Deontology theory, one should never treat oneself as an object or means only, but always as an end (Pence, 2007). He goes on to share his view that if we voluntarily choose to potentially endanger our bodies by taking out organs for organ donation purposes, we are not cultivating humanity in that case because to be human means protecting your bodys integrity (Pence, 2007). Kant considers my present choice of not being enlisted as an organ donor morally right because I am not physically harming myself for the benefit of another human being, i.e. I treat myself as an end, not as means. Deontologians believe that our decisions must come from a rational and autonomous perspective of a free will in order to be morally right (Pence, 2007). Furthermore, it is not rational to harm yourself and it is always wrong to potentially harm yourself for the benefit of another human being. The final view of wrongness of organ donation is universalizable for everyone and in every situation and it would be my duty to follow such set of rules (Pence, 1998). Thus, according to Kants rationale, it is always morally wrong to engage in organ donation. I disagree with Kant about what constitutes a free will and what is my moral duty. According to my upbringing, system of values and my life experiences, free will, for me, is not only consisting of a rational component, but also emotional component. If my brother needed an organ and I was a match, I would donate it. If I act according to Kant and not donate my organ to my loved one, my action would be morally wrong for me, the recipient, doctors and the society. Firstly, the motivation behind my organ donation is the unconditional love I feel for my brother. I consult the Virtue Ethics School and in their teachings I find that unconditional love is actually a trait in the character, and if made habitual, it would constitute a virtue because unconditional love promotes good actions (Pence, 2007). By giving my brother my organ, he would know even more about my unconditional love for him and we would both strengthen even further our individual emotional foundations. Second, my intellect is satisfied by my organ donation to my brother because I know that, if the operation goes well, his health will improve and I wouldnt suffer any major side-effects that require hospitalization. Because both my brother and I would be healthier and happier, I would not be anxious or depressed about his state. This wo uld mean that I would not be a burden to the healthcare system because I would have no need to see a psychiatrist or a psychologist, for I would be happy. As both my brother and I are healthy and happy, each of us could further contribute to society by being productively employed. Our positive attitude due to the happiness we feel could be positively reflected further in our other relationships, thus contributing to the overall harmonious developments stemming from an organ donation to a loved one. According to Virtue Ethicists, my action of organ donation would be morally right because I have displayed character virtues such as courage and sincerity of my motivation. Most importantly for Virtue Ethicists, my actions are in alignment with my system of values and my life experience, thus I have exercised my moral wisdom and reach a sought-after happiness state (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2003). I continue my exploration of normative ethics by entering the hallways of Utilitarianism school. According to Utilitarianism, the action is morally right if its consequences produce the greatest amount of goodness or the smallest amount of negative consequences (Pence, 2007). Goodness can be measured in various ways and, depending on the reference parameters, goodness can be measured in emotional, psychological, monetary or any other means as goodness. Utilitarianism school has two divisions rule utilitarianism and act utilitarianism (Pence, 2007). According to rule utilitarianism, what makes an act right is following general moral rules that produce the greatest good for the greatest number. On the other hand, act utilitarianism wishes to reserve the right to judge each unique case and then decide which action creates the greatest good. Although act utilitarianists agree that general rules commonly should be followed, they reserve the right to break them. Rules are broken if extrao rdinary circumstances arise, where a greater good for a greater number of people would be created by doing so (Pence, 2007). In my hypothetical case of donating an organ to my beloved brother, act utilitarianism would approve of such an action because it would benefit me, my brother, the healthcare and the society, as previously stated. But does general utilitarianism produce consistent moral actions that are in harmony with our personal value system, irrespective of external benefits to the society? To illustrate that utilitarianism does not encompass the entire spectrum of human decision-making requirements, consider the scenario where I have an opportunity to save three people by donating three of my organs (liver, kidney and a lung lobe), versus saving my brother by donating only one organ my heart. If I choose to donate to these three people, I would, numerically speaking, increase the overall good consequences in the world by allowing three people to live at the cost of my emotional turmoil on my death bed, following the surgery, for not saving my brother. More people would be happy than not, if we take into account that families of three recipients outnumber my family. But, in my opinion and in the opinion of Virtue Ethicists, this action would not be morally justified as I would have betrayed my emotional v irtues framework when I decided not to save my brother. When deciding whether the action is morally right, Virtue Ethics do not hide under a cloak of incomplete moral rules, such as Deontological evasion of an emotional component during such an act. By calling upon the complete enlightenment of ones character (i.e. virtues) and in combination with moral wisdom attained through life and its conditions, Virtue Ethics holds every individual accountable for his/her actions (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2003). When people are held personally responsible for their actions as they relate to their character, they truly have an opportunity to grow as a human being and reach the ultimate potential for happiness and thus, perform the most morally righteous action on any particular topic. The followers of the Virtue Ethics school embrace the intricacies of human experiences and aspire to understand a moral action within the cultural, emotional and intellectual conditions it has been performed in. While it can be a tedious and somewhat challenging to expect from every human to seek to act in accordance with Virtue Ethics, if exercised, it does ensure consistency of moral acts within a society which Utilitarianism and Deontology lack. Some argue that codifiability of Virtue Ethics is impossible to achieve, but I argue that it is possible. The societal transformation that would need to occur would require enormous good will from the majority of human population, mandatory excellence in parenting, and most importantly, ones utmost commitment to achieving happiness as defined by Virtue Ethics. Both Utilitarianism and Deontology schools offer noble, but incomplete foundations for evaluating whether adult organ donation is a morally right act. While each theory protects the principles of either ratio or overall goodness, neither of them account for the myriad of emotional and empirical factors that are present in our decision-making, whether we like it or not. Virtue Ethics seeks to understand moral actions in a true rainbow of colors that they arise from, which is why it is the only normative ethical theory that is realistic enough to salute our human complexity.

Teamwork Analysis Essay -- Team Building Papers

Teamwork Analysis Abstract The purpose of this assignment is for each learning team to apply what team members are learning about successful teams to an in-depth analysis of itself. As teams go through development stages, the members learn how people feel about themselves and what the content of the task that is to be accomplished, based on each stage that is achieved. Describe the process your team has used to form, storm, norm, and perform. At this point, where do you believe your team is in the team formation process? Team A was initially formed by our professor, and everyone had their anxieties and questions about the other members. After the team was formed, a Team Charter was developed to gather information about everyone on one document, so we would all know each others strengths, weaknesses, and contact information. We realized that our team was a diverse team, with members scattered in several different time zones, including Africa. We had an initial conference call to check the temperature of everyone, but not everyone could participate in the call. Once everyone agreed to the team charter, it was suggested that each person on the team be a leader for a week, leaving the last week without an actual leader. The plan was to let the last week have everyone work together without a leader, but to draw virtual straws to decide who would post that week’s team assignment. The team members were listed in alphabetical order, which is the same order each person was assigned a week. Team A was successful at reaching the next stage of development, which is storming. The team had some initial problems durin... ... Caouette, M.J. & O’Connor, B.N. (1998). The impact of group support systems on corporate teams’ stages of development. Journal of Organizational Computing and Electronic Commerce, 8(1), 59-60. Chupp, M. (2002). Reaching for Higher Ground in Conflict Resolution. International Journal of Conflict Management. 13(2). Retrieved February 11, 2005, from EBSCOhost database. Horton, T. R. (1992). Delegation and team building: No solo acts please. Management Review, 81 (9), 58. Mckenna, P.J., Meister, D.H. (2002). Playing by the rules. Industrial Management. 44 (5), 8-14. Retrieved February 14, 2005, from EBSCOhost database. McShane, S.L. & VonGlinow, M.A. (2004). Foundation of team dynamics. Organizational Behavior, second edition (pp 238-240). Â ©The McGraw-Hill Companies.

Introduction for OJT Essay

1. To pursue venerable career in a professional organization enable achieving company’s objectives of development, customer pleasure and service. 2. Together with assets for instance sincerity, truthfulness and struggle for excellence, add value and strength to the company, to empower the student or the team where he is a fraction of. 3. In quest of a position in a top business where the OJT is able to transmit the knowledge gained through bachelor’s degree. Determinedly deem in the principle of implementing duties with loyalty and courage. 4. To grow capably by giving skills to the association and vice versa. 5. To work in a demanding environment where skills and efforts is explored and familiarized the varied OJT fields, and understand potentials and add to the growth of the organization with inspiring performance. 6. To utilize knowledge and skills for the implementation of organizational goals. PHILOSOPHY â€Å"It is the policy of the State to establish, develop, promote and perfect a sound and viable tax-exempt social security system suitable to the needs of the people throughout the Philippines which shall promote social justice and provide meaningful protection to members and their families against the hazards of disability, sickness, maternity, old age, death and other contingencies resulting in loss of income or financial burden. Toward this end, the State shall endeavor to extend social security protection to workers and their beneficiaries.† (Section 2, RA 8282) VISSION â€Å"The SSS aims to develop and promote a viable, universal and equitable social security protection scheme through world-class service.† Viable. Social security protection shall be provided through generations. Universal. Social security protection shall be provided to all residents of the Philippines, citizens and non-citizens alike, regardless of creed, gender, age, geographic location and economic status, especially the disadvantaged, so that no one will become a burden to society. Equitable. Fair and uniform coverage shall be made available to all. Benefits shall be meaningful and able to sustain a decent standard of living. World-class service. Social security service that is prompt, accurate and courteous shall be provided to ensure total member satisfaction. MISSION To provide meaningful protection to the members and their families against contingencies resulting in the loss of income and financial burden and to contribute to the socio-economic development of the country through a viable social insurance program. VALUES â€Å"The SSS aims to institutionalize a corporate culture that instills the core values of Trust, Empowerment and Teamwork.† On January 26, 1948, Pres. Manuel A. Roxas proposed a bill seeking to establish a social security system for wage earners and low-salaried employees. This was recommended to Congress in his State of the Nation Address. After the death of President Roxas, Pres. Elpidio Quirino created the Social Security Study Commission on July 7, 1948. The creation of the Commission was his first official act upon his assumption to office. Based on the report of the Study Commission, a draft of the Social Security Act was submitted to Congress. In 1954, Rep. Floro Crisologo, Senators Cipriano Primicias and Manuel Briones introduced bills based on the report of the Social Security Study Commission in the House of Representatives and in the Senate. These bills were consolidated and enacted into Republic Act (RA) 1161, better known as the Social Security Act of 1954. However, business and labor groups objected to the Social Security Act resulting in a deferment of its implementation. In 1957, amendatory bills were presented in Congress. These bills were the bases of RA 1792, which amended the original Social Security Act. On September 1, 1957, the Social Security Act of 1954 or the Social Security Law (SS Law) was finally implemented, marking a significant milestone in the social security program. Thus, with the implementation of the SS law, the government also adopted the social insurance approach to social security, covering the employed segment of the labor force in the private sector. In 1993, household helpers earning at least P1,000 were included in the compulsory coverage of employees. In 1980, some groups of self-employed persons were also required to contribute to the social security fund from which benefits are paid upon the occurrence of a contingency provided by law. Self-employed farmers and fisher folks were included in the program in 1992, while workers in the informal sector earning at least P 1,000 a month such as ambulant vendors and watch-your-car boys, were covered in 1995. The Social Security System (SSS) administers social security protection to workers in the private sector. On the other hand, the Government Service Insurance System (GSIS) takes care of workers in the public sector. The SSS administers two programs namely: 1. The Social Security Program; and 2. The Employees’ Compensation Program (EC) Social Security provides replacement income for workers in times of death, disability, sickness, maternity and old age. On May 1, 1997, Pres. Fidel V. Ramos signed RA 8282, further strengthening the SSS. Also known as the Social Security Act of 1997, it amended RA 1161, providing for better benefit packages, expansion of coverage, flexibility of investments, stiffer penalties for violators of the law, condonation of penalties of delinquent employers and the establishment of a voluntary provident fund for members. The EC program, started in 1975, provides double compensation effective June 1984 to the worker when the illness, death, or accident occurs during work-related activities. EC benefits are granted only to members with employers. SSS used to administer the Medicare program for hospitalization and other medical needs of the private sector workers; and the Government Service Insurance System (GSIS), for the public sector workers. However, with the passage of Republic Act 7875 or the National Health Insurance Act of 1995, the SSS and GSIS transferred the administration of the Medicare program to the Philippine Health Insurance Corporation (PhilHealth) for an integrated and comprehensive approach to health development effective July 1999. SSS retirement, death, and total disability pensioners prior to the effectivity of RA 7875 on March 4, 1995 are entitled to hospitalization benefits under Phil-Health. Pensioners upon the effectivity of RA 7875 on March 4, 1995 and thereafter are no longer covered except when they meet the qualification requirements set by PhilHealth.

Implementing the Duty of Care in Health and Social Care Essay

Act within own competence and not take on anything not believe we can safely do As a care worker, we owe a duty of care to the people we support, colleagues, employer and ourselves and the public interest. Every one have a duty of care that we cannot opt out of. Peoples we care support should be treated with respect, involved in decision making about their care and treatment and able influence how the service is run. People should receive safe and appropriate care that meets their needs and support their rights. A negligent act could be unintentional but careless or intentional that results in abuse or injury. A negligent act is breaching the duty of care. Explain how duty of care contributes to the safeguarding or protection of individuals Our duty of care means that we must aim to provide high quality care to the best of our ability and express if there are any reasons may be unable to do so. Professionals act within duty of care must do what a reasonable person, with their trainin g and background, can be expected to do so. It also connected with the areas of carrying and reviewing of risk assessments, which ensuring elimination of hazards, use of equipments and all health and safety guidelines. Policies and procedures sets clear boundaries in safe guarding in social care setting. The concept of safeguarding, whether it is children or vulnerable adults, is broader than protection. Safeguarding is also about keeping children or vulnerable adults safe from any sort of harm, such as illness, abuse or injury. This means all agencies and families working together and taking responsibility for the safety of children and vulnerable adults, whether it is by promoting health, preventing accidents or protecting children or vulnerable adults who have been abused. It is the staff responsibility in duty of care to safeguard individuals from harm. All employees should report any concerns of abuse they have. These might include evidence or suspicions of bad practice by  colleagues and managers, or abuse by another individual, another worker or an individual’s family or friends. Local authorities have Safeguarding policies and procedures that will be published on their websites or available from their Safeguarding team. Know how to respond to complaints Describe how to respond to complaints Complaint means â€Å"an expression of dissatisfaction that requires a response†. The procedure provides the opportunity to put things right for service users as well as improving services. Dealing with those who have made complaints provides an opportunity to re-establish a positive relationship with the complainant and to develop an understanding of their concerns and needs. Effective complaints handling is an important aspect of clinical and social care governance arrangements and, as such, will help organisations to continue to improve the quality of their services and safeguard high standards of care and treatment. Increased efforts should be made to promote a more positive culture of complaints handling by highlighting the added value of complaints within health and social care and making the process more acceptable/amenable to all. All complaints received should be treated with equal importance regardless of how they are submitted. Complainants should be encouraged to speak openly and freely about their concerns and should be reassured that whatever they may say will be treated with appropriate confidence and sensitivity. Complainants should be treated courteously and sympathetically and where possible involved in decisions about how their complaint is handled and considered. However received, the first responsibility of staff is to ensure that the service user’s immediate care needs are being met. This may require urgent action before any matters relating to the complaint are addressed. Where possible, all complaints should be recorded and discussed with the Complaints Manager in order to identify those that can be resolved immediately, those that will require a formal investigation or those that should be referred outside the HSC Complaints Procedure. Front-line staff will often find the information they gain from complaints useful in improving service quality. This is particularly so for complaints th at have been resolved â€Å"on the spot† and have not progressed through the formal complaints process. Mechanisms for achieving this are best agreed at organisational level. Explain the main  points of agreed procedures for handling complaints The Health and Social Care services recognises that most of our work is involved with supporting people to overcome and manage difficulties or situations in their lives. The aim is to consider all complaints as close to the point of contact as possible, and in many cases staff will be able to respond and resolve these at the time and place that the complaint is made. The Regulations on complaints identify ‘if a complaint is made orally and resolution can be agreed with the client by the end of the next working day’ it does not fall within the regulations and therefore it can be viewed as day-to-day business. Details of such representations managed within service areas should be forwarded to the Complaints Team, this information will assist in the overall departmental learning from complaints. The details of the complaint will also require to be screened to look at the significance of the complaint for the complainant and for the management and to indicate the manner in which it should be dealt with. Factors to be taken into account when screening are: The likelihood of re-occurrence. †° The degree of risk for the individual. The degree of risk for the Department. The views of the complainant. Know how to address conflicts or dilemmas that may arise between an individual’s rights and the duty of care Describe potential conflicts or dilemmas that may arise between the duty of care and an individual’s rights The main area of conflicts or dilemma arises is related to the decision making associated to the choices by services to take risks. Some times individuals may want to do something which could be a risk to their health and safety. As a social care worker we have the duty of care to that person and we ensure to do all that we can to keep them safe. The conflict arises when we uplift the idea to respect the individuals rights and choices and promoting independence. In this scenario, we need to carry out a thorough risk assessment to ensure this particular activity is managed in a safest way. In order to minimise risks and promote welfare of the children and young people under care, it is important to report the areas of conflict to  the management, social se rvices and professional involved in an individuals care. Describe how to manage risks associated with conflicts or dilemmas between an individual’s rights and the duty of care In situations where there is a conflict of interest or a dilemma between an individual’s rights and duty of care, it is best practice to make sure the individual is aware of the consequences of their choice and that they have the mental capacity to understand the risks involved in their choice. It is their right as an individual to be able to make informed choices about their own lives even if we disagree with their choice. It is the right of every individual to make choices and take risks. It is the social care worker’s role to assist them in making those choices and reducing the risks without compromising their rights. An individual may be restricted if his or her behaviour presents a serious risk of harm to his or herself or to other people. People who receive care and support are considered to be at risk, and as such the law requires that an assessment be carried out to look at any possible risks there might be to the individual or to others. The aim of this assessment is not to remove the individual’s right to take risks, but to recognise and reduce them where possible to an acceptable and manageable level. Explain where to get additional support and advice about conflicts and dilemmas The first port of call if a social care worker is unsure about what to do and if they are exercising the duty of care is to their manager. They should be able to advise you about the best approaches to take. Also we can contact Regulator for advice about how to implement the Code of Practice. All of the Regulators produce guidance about how to implement the Code of Practice. These guidance documents can be very helpful in looking at the implications for day-to-day work. Members of a professional association or a trade union can co ntact them and they will also be able to offer advice about any uncertainties you have about whether you are exercising a duty of care towards the people you support effectively.

Environmental Factors Essays

Environmental Factors Essays Environmental Factors Essay Environmental Factors Essay Environmental Factors Heidi Wallen HSM/220 March 21, 2013 Environmental Factors The four external environmental factors are: economic factors, sociological factors, technological factors, and political and professional factors. The six internal factors are: organizational purpose, mission, and philosophy, Organizational planning, Organizational operations, Human resources, Technological resources, financial resources. Economic factors including knowing what financial resources the company has and where funding is coming from weather it is government funds, donated funds, fees for service, or other agency income. Sociological factors include understanding community demographic both in terms of client and community. Understand the makeup in terms of income, education, gender, age, and other demographic factors. Technological factors for human service agencies can understand how to use the equipment such as computer hardware and software as well as new treatment approaches. Political/professional factors include knowing laws and regulations from federal, state and local levels as well as a political climate, or the attitudes of community and local leaders and the general public towards the services provided. Professional factors in human services include being aware of licensing and certification standards; and staying in good working relations with these agencies. When looking at all four of the factors it is heard to say what would be the most important. They all have good value, but if I had to I would say that Sociological factors seem to be very important. One needs to know the people that you are going to help each and every day. To make sure that you are able to give them the help that they may need. Organizational Purpose is to have the understanding of a mission statement and a vision that is intended to provide the logic and the organizing theme . human service agency believes in what it hopes to achieve and what services they will provide to achieve its mission and the vision, goals that were set. Organizational planning is having a strategy and plan to identify were the organization ideally would like to be in a time frame such as five or more years. This takes some brainstorming and looking at available data so they are able to project future needs. Organizational Operations requires regular review and examination of the programs and services offered to make sure that performance is measuring up to expectations. Human Resources refer to the many functions that are involved in the supervision and management of the organization’s employees and volunteers. Staff requires a working knowledge of human resources law. Technological Resources can include support and consulting services, computer resources, financial management expertise, marketing and public relations expertise, and other technologies that may be used to support the work of the organization. Financial Resources requires a careful examination of budget documents to determine where the funding is coming from and what obligations the agency assumes in accepting funding from each of the various sources.

Business Strategy Coursework Assignment 2006 Essays

Business Strategy Coursework Assignment 2006 Essays Business Strategy Coursework Assignment 2006 Essay Business Strategy Coursework Assignment 2006 Essay Business Strategy Coursework Assignment 2006 / 2007 Analyse the schemes used by Lush UK to construct and prolong competitory advantage. What are the strategic issues and options confronting the administration in November 2006? The first strategic issue would be to increase the board members so that the board is independent, with a Non-executive Chairman and four Non-executive Directors. Recruit or promote or train and advance one or two proficient specializers, from within the administration, with one to be the future CEO and the other to run R A ; D. Besides appoint Marketing and Finance Directors. The Executive Directors being the CEO, FD and Marketing Director should be responsible for looking after the operations: Chief Executive Officer – UK Operations Finance Director – Finance and Canadian and Italian Operationss Marketing Director – Marketing and Australian and Nipponese Operationss The 2nd strategic issue will be to pull up a household tree of the administration to demo who runs each store and each operation. That’s the Board and the Management squad with Team Leaders and Team members. Note: TBA = To Be Advised and Shops need to be defined by Regional Manager and Country. The 3rd strategic issue, since the company exports to 29 states do they hold web sites, packaging and cusps that cover the linguistic communications of all these states. The 4th strategic issue would be for the Board to so carry on a reappraisal and study all the employees and clients for their positions on how things could be improved. The last five old ages of their rivals Annual Reports should be included in this reappraisal and all thoughts and new merchandises listed and scored as a possible merchandise or thought to better a merchandise scope, packing or selling. This will ensue in the route map for the future way of the administration.

Air travel

Aircraft Utilization: The most basic metric for an airline is aircraft utilization. This is a measure of the average number of hours that each aircraft is flying in each 24 hour period. Planes that are flying are probably making money. Planes that are sitting on the ramp, whether undergoing maintenance, suffering delays due to weather or waiting for crews to fly them are not making money. Utilization is a statistic that varies from carrier to carrier and is normally considered a closely guarded corporate trade secret and is not tracked by government. Part of the art in running an airline is keeping utilization high. Load Factor: The next most important metric for an airline is the Load Factor, which measures the percentage of available seats that are filled during a specific period. In 2007 load factors for major airlines ranged from 72-84%[citation needed]. In 2008 U. S. airlines averaged a Load Factor of 79. 74% on domestic flights and 78. 74% on International flights [1] Available Seat-Miles (ASM): The ASM metric is used to track seat supply among airlines. ASM is equal to the number of available seats times the number of miles flown. Revenue Passenger-Miles (RPM): RPM measures the number of seat miles flown for which the company earned revenues. That is, RPM equals the number of filled seats times the number of miles flown. Yield: The amount of revenue earned per RPM is known as the airlines yield. This metric is generally expressed in cents and ranged from 9. 8-13. 1 cents for the major airlines in the first half of 2007[citation needed]. Fuel Costs: Most factors that affect the profitability of airlines are fairly stable, except for fuel costs. Fuel costs are facing extreme risk from the threat of Peak Oil. During January 2009, airline fuel costs averaged $1.76 USD per gallon[2]. Trends and Forces Joseph Weisenthal said in a recent post Airline-In-A-Box: Few businesses have as many variables and challenges as airlines. They are capital-intensive. Competition is fierce. Airlines are fossil fuel dependent and often at the mercy of fuel price volatility. Operations are labor intensive and subject to government con trol and political influence. And a lot depends on the weather. The Dual Mandate Problem The general public, including most investors, is not aware that congress long ago created what is referred to as a dual mandate for regulation of the airline industry. This means that the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), which is a sub-agency under the U. S. Department of Transportation (U. S. DOT), is charged with both the promotion of the airlines and the safety regulation of the airlines. This creates an obvious conflict of interest and the dual mandate has been questioned and criticized for decades. The question has been asked if the FAA should be divided into two separate divisions, one that would function as a Department of Airline Promotion and another that would function as a Department of Safety. Another proposed solution is to shift the sky police functions involving safety to the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB). Although the NTSB seems like it might be a good solution to police safety, the political realities of the U. S. Congress, the FAA hierarchy and the extreme size and funding imbalance between the two agencies make it impractical and unlikely that any shift would be feasible. The FAA generally maintains that they do not directly promote the airlines, which is true in the sense that the public doesnt see billboards and television commercials and email campaigns from the FAA promoting airlines. However, the FAA indirectly promotes the airlines in a huge way on a daily basis by imposing generally lax standards and enforcement. In fact, it is a well known historical fact that the FAA is so bad at safety enforcement that there exists what is called in the airline industry the Tombstone Imperative which refers to the fact that over and over again the FAA has known about serious safety issues and refused to correct them and the result was dead people. PGSanalyst 21:11, March 14, 2009 (PDT) The Railway Labor Act Problem The general public, including most investors, is also not aware that labor in the airline industry is regulated by the Railway Labor Act. This is arguably amazingly strange and curious that one of the major modern industries, developed in the early 20th century, and now providing part of the industrial backbone for commerce and industry in the 21st century, is regulated by a body of law that was originally passed to protect wealthy railroad investors from railroad strikes in 1877. As a general rule, airline labor is not allowed to strike, similar to the prohibition on strike actions for Federal Employees and employees of some states. For example, the Airline Pilots Association (ALPA) functions as the collective bargaining agent for most, but not all, of the airlines in the U. S. and most ALPA collective bargaining contract terms provide very, very limited circumstances under which a strike is legally authorized. Another example of the difficulty of labor expressing its grievances by means of a strike is the 1981 Professional Air Traffic Controllers (PATCO) strike that ended with President Ronald Reagan firing the controllers by using the authority of the Taft-Hartley Act that was passed in 1947 to greatly reduce the power and influence of unions in the U.S. The basic thing for a wise investor to understand about labor issues is that happy people are generally more productive than unhappy people and limiting by means of regulations peoples right to express their grievances may not promote happiness of the labor pool and thus adds risk to investments in those businesses in industries affected by labor relations ris ks. PGSanalyst 21:11, March 14, 2009 (PDT) Consolidation After the events of 9/11, the domestic commercial airline industry went into a precipitous freefall, prompting consolidation of several airlines and bankruptcies of others. Elimination of airlines, through consolidation or bankruptcy, benefit both revenuesthrough higher faresand costs by eliminating redundant expenses and routes. Additional terrorist attacks or declines in the overall domestic economy could accelerate consolidation as weaker airlines get acquired by financially stronger ones or become insolvent. Airlines worldwide have also sought to share costs by creating partnerships or alliances. Through these agreements, airlines can share facilities and operational costs (e. g. , maintenance facilities, sales offices) and negotiate volume discounts on large purchases. Passengers benefit from lower prices (due to lower expenses) as well as optimized routes and pooled loyalty rewards, especially in regards to international travel. Since the deregulation of the airline industry begain, airline ownership has been limited to companies and individuals of the operating country. THis has prevented major international mergers and acquisitions from occuring. Recently, the US government has announced its intentions to relax these regulations and clear the way for international ma deals in the airline industry. This could create significant cost-saving and synergy in the rapidly deteriorating industry. The three major global alliances are: Spotlight on Oil Prices Oil Prices are a key factor for airline operations because Jet Fuel costs are directly linked to the cost of the oil that must be refined to produce Jet Fuel. In 2008 fuel is constituting about 34% of an airlines costs, as opposed to about 13% in 2002. [4] For the budget airlines such as Jet Blue and AirTran, this share rises to nearly 50%. The rise has been very drastic just in the first six months of 2008. At the start of the year, jet fuel cost $850 a metric ton. As of June, the cost is now approximately $1300 a ton. [6] Jet fuel is extremely correlated with spot petroleum prices, which have risen significantly over the past several years. On the flip side, the stock prices of domestic airlines tends to be highly negatively correlated to jet fuel prices, indicating the sensitivity of this historically low-margin business to fuel expenses. In an exogenous event for the fuel procurement of airlines, oil companies are increasingly making airlines pay up front for fuel. In the past, the airlines were allowed to use fuel on credit and pay up to weeks later. Now, the oil refiners are eliminating this free credit line and making the carriers prepay. This will cause a negative shift in the short term cash situation for the airlines as they can no longer keep cash from revenues on the books for this credit line period. On June 4, the International Air Transport Association drastically lowered their profit forecasts for the industry. The group now projects that global airlines will collectively lose $2. 3 billion if oil averages $107 for 2008. If the price averages $135 for the last six months of the year, airlines will lose $6. 1 billion. [8] However, on 1 October 2008 Northwest Airlines (NWA) CEO Doug Steenland claimed that his company can maintain profitability even if oil stays at $100 a barrel. [9] Some airlines have utilized hedges to lock in the price of fuel and hence insulate themselves from oil price volatility. Southwest was perhaps the most forward-looking of airlines, and has hedged significant portions of its fuel expenses through 2010 at various prices per barrel below the current market rate. The company will reap benefits compared to other airlines if oil prices continue to rise or remain at current levels. On the other hand, if prices fall below Southwests hedging levels, they will be at a disadvantage to other airlines. American Airlines and United Airlines, on the other hand, have no remaining fuel hedges in the foreseeable future as of 2008. Other airlines have limited remaining hedges. Peak Oil Peak Oil experts from the oil industry are already warning of impending catastrophic drops in oil production that will severely limit the future growth of the airline industry and cause extreme increases in Jet Fuel costs and other oil related costs including fuel for airline support infrastructure such as maintenance vehicles, External Ground Power Units (GPUs), crew transportation vans, airline food costs, etc. , etc.. Some scientists and industry experts are seriously discussing the viability of the entire global airline industry and asking the question of whether their grandchildren will ever even fly on a commercial aircraft? The mere fact that these questions are being asked and remain unresolved should cause a wise investor to carefully consider the long and short term impacts of Peak Oil on the airline industry as a whole. PGSanalyst 21:23, March 14, 2009 Business vs. Leisure Travel Business travel is important to the commercial airline industry for two major reasons. First, it commands a much higher average ticket cost, approximately 5 times higher than the average leisure fare. Second, business travel is less elastic changes in macro-economic trends than leisure travel, which may be considered a form of luxury. In the past 24 months, leisure fares have dropped slightly, ranging from $110 to $100 In the same time frame, business fares have increased significantly, from around $350 to $500 Domestic vs. International Travel International travel accounts for about one-third of all traffic and capacity for the major carriers. Comparing 2007 year to date to the same time period in 2006, these major carriers saw international travel increase by about 5% , which is faster than domestic travel, which was relatively flat. Growth in domestic travel has been soaked up in large part by the regional discount carriers such as Southwest and AirTran. History of Airline Bankruptcies Raises Risk Concerns For Investors Over the period from 1990 through 2006 the Air Transportation Association of America reports that domestic airlines posted a cumulative loss of $22 billion on cumulative revenues $1,866 billion. Since 1978, when commercial aviation was deregulated, no fewer than 137 carriers have filed for bankruptcy protection. And from the end of World War II, when aviation started to become big business, through 1994, the sum of the industrys profits and losses was less than zero. Warren E. Buffett once remarked that it would have been a blessing for shareholders if someone had thought to shoot down Orville Wright at Kitty Hawk. [11] One reason the major airlines are at higher risk for bankruptcy is that they use huge amounts of fixed capital wide-body jets go for $100 million each and cant be readily liquidated which explains why many airlines do not own their aircraft but lease them instead. Airlines also depend on a highly skilled labor force that requires large cash flow into training, benefits and pensions. Consider some other businesses for a moment: Microsoft has highly skilled programmers but little invested capital. Merrill Lynch has both, but its assets stocks and bonds mostly could be liquidated overnight. Steel has high fixed capital, but it can replace its workers more easily. Unbundling of costs usually bundled in ticket prices Business practices for much of the history of the airlines included bundling all costs of travel into a single ticket price. Although some unbundling of the costs in tickets has occurred to various degrees at some airlines in different parts of the world, since the summer 2008 spike in fuel costs many airlines have chosen to broaden the practice, for example, charging the passenger for each piece of checked baggage b) Forces in the macro environment In terms of the case, it suggests that the environment of airline companies is not very stable, especially the increasing price of fuel which is the key driver of change. From Ryanair profit statement (Exhibit 1a) it shows the fuel and oil cost has increased by â‚ ¬200 million from 2005 to 2006. The increase in fuel costs is 74 percent. The impact to the airlines companies is obvious and the budget airlines may face the trouble more so than normal airlines. Moreover, airline companies also have to concentrate on some other issues. For example, according to the case, they are facing the risks from terrorist attacks which are difficult to predict. It is not difficult to find the changeability, however it is complex to the airline environment. Some factors, such as legal action and customer demand, also have influence on them. Some of these such as the price of fuel and oil can be predicted, while some of them cannot. Audit environmental influences The Pestel Analysis is employed to identify macro-environment influences of the airline industry. Political: Government wants to strengthen the economy and, consequently, will support local airlines by setting rules, such as preferential rights. Every government however, will probably do so. Therefore there’s no obvious advantage between competitions. The political issues have a wide range of effect, so they are not the key points that budget airlines are facing. Economic: This is identified as the most crucial factor to airline companies, especially to budget airlines. The influences refer to the macro-economic factors such as the national growth rates and the exchange rates. As budget airlines, they will pay more attention to the operation costs such as fuel cost. It became a big issue for budget airlines because of the increasing cost of fuel. That may reduce the advantages and the companies will be less competitive than before. On the other hand, the recession will lead more people to choose budget airlines. Social: With the development of Asian countries in particular China, there are more and more people deciding to study or travel in Europe. In recent years, the lifestyle of local people has also changed. They tend to travel abroad to enjoy their lives. Most of these people are not wealthy such as student. The budget airlines therefore, will be their best choice to reduce the travel costs. Technological: The innovation of technology helps the airline companies reduce costs and carry out tasks more effectively. The new type of aircraft can help to reduce the burning of fuel; and new technology can also make the security check more efficient and accurate. Environmental: European countries pay more attention on environmental issues, especially greenhouse gases from carbon emissions. Moreover in terms of the case, airline companies have to pay the environmental taxes for the contributions they make to global warming. In particular, it is bad news for budget airlines. Costs will increase and the companies want to maintain good brand image in the consumer’s perception. Furthermore, noise pollution and energy consumption cannot be ignored under such conditions. Legal: Some legal actions such as preferential airport rights are directed against the specific airlines. As budget airlines, which have higher competitive power, they should pay more attention to the legal forces to prevent loss. On the contrary, they can also take the initiative over illegal aid to rivals. Stage 3 – Determine industry specific factors (this stage will be analysed in Question 2) Stage 4 – Identify competitive position (this stage will be analysed in Question 3) Stage 5 – Identify key opportunities and threats There are many potential opportunities for the airline companies. For instance, the recession may lead to more people choosing the budget airline rather than the expensive ones; new technology which helps to reduce the usage of fuel; government set the tax at a lower percentage. On the other hand, the increasing cost of fuel may be the most significant issue most budget airlines face. What’s more, the compensation to passengers, terrorism and security, and customers’ satisfactions will all have potential negative impacts on the airline. In order to achieve lower costs, budget airlines will have to reduce costs from many departments and operations. That’s why lots of customers are not satisfied with the budget airlines except for the price. Question 2 Prepare a Porter Five Forces analysis of the budget airline industry. Express Ryanair’s perspective of these forces. The threat of entry There are high barriers to enter the budget airline industry. i) High investment requirements. Economies of scale are important in the airline industry. It is difficult for new entrants to match others existing competitors. In addition to this, the operational experiences cannot be acquired in such short space of time. ii) Expected retaliation. Retaliation will take place when new entrants appear for budget airlines, it will probably be in the form of a price war due to costs of entry being very high for them. iii) Legislation or Government action. Government won’t let new entrants enter the market if the industry is saturated. With regards to Ryanair in the budget airline industry, there will not be large impacts to existing budget airlines if new entrants appeared. Budget airlines always focus on the costs and price, so does Ryanair. According to the case, Ryanair was the first budget airline in Europe and now its ticket prices are much lower than the other rivals’. Therefore it will be impossible for new entrants to set a low price to win the market. The threat of substitutes Before discussing the threats, some comparative data is showed below. London Stansted Milan Going Out Regular Fare Adult 8. 99 GBP Tue, 2 Dec 08 Flight FR 4184 8:15 Depart 11:15 Arrive Coming Back Regular Fare Adult 12. 99 GBP Sun, 8 Dec 08 Flight FR 4185 6:45 Depart 7:50 Arrive (Source: Ryanair. com) One way by Rail Europe: London (ST Pancras) Milan Standard Class Adult 227 GBP Tue, 2 Dec 08 8:40 Depart 21:20 Arrive (Source: Raileurope. co. uk) Most of the travellers will prefer the short journey, in addition to the cheaper way to travel. From the tables it is obvious that taking a plane from Ryanair is much cheaper than taking the train in a similar situation. Although some airlines may be expensive, budget airlines such as Ryanair will usually be the best choice. The impact of substitutes, therefore, has less impact on the budget airlines. The power of buyers Buyers of airlines tickets can sometimes be the travel agency. In other cases, Ryanair caters to ultimate consumers. Majority of the buyers are not concentrated buyers and they come from all over the countries. Individuals can select the budget airlines according to their preference, because the switching costs are low and the differentiation of such service is weak. It is extremely expensive for people to own an aircraft. When there is a choice of budget airlines to use, with low prices. So there is a low buyer competition threat. Like Ryanair, with less concentrated buyers and buyers’ competition threat, the power of buyers is low. The power of suppliers The high power of suppliers may be one of the most significant threats among the budget airline industry. The increasing price of fuel, which leads to a high cost for airlines, is a basic issue they are facing. As we know, fuel industry is now concentrated in the hands of few producers. Therefore, in this situation it is difficult to cut the price for this essential material. In addition to this, it is useless to change fuel suppliers when the global price is growing. Moreover there are no practical substitutes. Ryanair is facing this problem with other budget airlines. Furthermore Ryanair sells all the ticket directly through the website. Thus there is no intermediary. Competitive rivalry Rivalry is influenced by these four competitive forces and each of them may have different levels of impact on the competitive rivalry. In this market, every airline provides the same services which are poorly differentiated. Low differentiation and switching costs in this industry, therefore, cause the price competition. Ryanair, which has the first mover advantages, still holds the dominant position. Although many of the competitors were losing money or even have been taken over, Ryanair remains steady in incremental growth. For industry growth rate, this industry is in the maturity situation of life cycle, which means the growth is low. Price war is therefore playing a crucial role throughout the competition. Question 3 Evaluate Ryanair’s particular strengths and weaknesses and explain, with reasons, what Ryanair must do to retain a sustainable competitive advantage. As the first-mover of budget airline industry, Ryanair still holds the dominant lowest-cost position. This is also the one of the strengths it has. What’s more, Ryanair was announced being the most profitable airline in the world according to the case. The revenue is still increasing, despite the price of fuel did not stop growing in recent years. The brand image of Ryanair is also one of its strengths. Customers are attracted by the lower price. Its traffic is the highest among the competitors (see Exhibit 2) and it is still increasing due to the enlargement of the company. On the other hand, there are still some weaknesses of this budget airline leader. In terms of the case, Ryanair win the market mostly depends on the costs. However, the costs of its major raw materials are increasing rapidly these years. This will be a serious issue. Further, minimize costs largely will cause the lack of service and training quality and so on. The Skytrax star rating (See Exhibit 2) indicates Ryanair is below the average level. Besides, competitors contribute big influence to Ryanair. For example, Easyjet which is a young upstart of the European budget airline industry grows quickly with a large number of market shares. It is obvious Ryanair makes success base on its price advantage, and how to sustain this advantage become very crucial issue in recent situation. Keep first mover advantages. Long history with experiences, well-known brand image and economy of scale, these are the unique resources of first mover advantages. It is difficult for competitors to get these resources at a similar level. Therefore, in order to prevent the competitors from copying the same strategy as cost reduction, Ryanair must make good use of these unique resources and try to dominate the market. Technology. Purchase and introduce the latest technological support. Although the fixed costs will be high, they can help the airline carry out tasks more efficiently and effectively such a new security check machine. Moreover it can also help to reduce the variable costs. For example, according to the case, new type aircraft produced 50 percent less emissions, 45 percent less fuel burn and 45 percent lower noise emissions per seat. They help Ryanair reduce the fuel cost with a lower pollution to environment. Unique cost structure. A cost structure which aims to minimize the costs must be set up. In particular to fuel cost, the fluctuations are subject to unpredictable and volatile world events according to the case. It is important for Ryanair hedge the risks before the price goes up suddenly. On the other hand, choosing the secondary and regional airport destinations is a good way of the structure. Moreover, the internet is used to reduce distribution costs. Service quality / Customers’ satisfaction. Customers will normally associate low price with low service benefits. Ryanair was voted the world’s least favourite airline due to its bad service such as unfriendly staff and poor legroom. However it still won a great number of customer base on the price. Thus if some competitors cut down the ticket price to a low level, Ryanair will get into a big trouble due to the similar prices but lower service quality. Therefore it must not only focus on the price but also the service. In order to gain competitive power, for example, brand loyalty can be one of the aspects. Government / legal actions. Ryanair should take care of the government and legal actions and moreover, can take the initiative over illegal aid to rivals. These may prevent the unnecessary loss. In summary, Ryanair, as the cost leader in budget airline industry should not only focus on the costs but also lots of other issues. Although it is developing rapidly and successfully, the future is unknown. The uncertain environment is changing all the time, thus Ryanair should always follow it and make the long-term plans in order to retain a sustainable competitive advantage. Grasp the opportunities, and it will has a bright future. c) Sources for collecting information Collecting your info: We may collect personal information that can identify you such as your name and e-mail address, as well as other information that does not identify you. 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We will use information in accordance with the privacy policy under which the information was collected. If, however, we are going to use users personally identifiable information in a manner different from that stated at the time of collection we will notify users by posting a notice on our Web site for 30 days. d) Collection tools and methods Prior to 1992, the length of time that aircraft deicing fluids (ADF) provided protection was overestimated by most commercial airlines. This was realized after the crash of U. S. Air Flight 405 at LaGuardia Airport, in which a long queue caused ice to re-accumulate on the planes wings and airframe after ADF had been applied. Bryan Wagoner, the Environmental Programs Administrator at Detroit Metropolitan Airport (DTW), says this incident spurred a nationwide focus on deicing practices. The FAA mandated that every plane must be absolutely free of snow at the end of the runway prior to take-off, he explains. This resulted in a significant increase in the quantity of ADF used nationwide. Midwestern winters, however, can be unpredictable. Months can go by with little to no precipitation, and then a snowstorm worthy of national news can hit with a fury. W